Piers Plowman Electronic Archive

Piers Plowman Electronic Archive

Cambridge MS B.15.17 (W)

Notes for Cambridge MS B.15.17 (W)


1. WP.19: In the right margin running into the dark stain on the right-hand edge, a later fifteenth-century scribe has written names which are partly legible. They appear to read Ry
vont vont
John rich
Rychard
. Kane and Donaldson report bond John Rychard.

2. WP.20-27: Staining and rubbing on the left edge make the first half-dozen letters very faint, but the readings are secure.

3. WP.24: The scribe has supplied in a darker ink pride in the space under comen.

4. WP.38: W alone reads wol; FGH have wyll, and the remaining B witnesses have nel or nyl.

5. WP.39: W alone has But. All other B manuscripts omit it.

6. WP.53: Words at the foot of the page in a different hand appear to read And heppyd stanys, prompted by the last words on the page and perhaps misreading staues as stanes.

7. WP.62: The last two letters are covered by a stain, but they are legible.

8. WP.62: W alone reads now. GYC2CLM read mowe.

9. WP.72: W alone reads it. Other beta witnesses have hym.

10. WP.77: The reading could as well be leueþ.

11. WP.97: A smudge, possibly a punctus, appears at the end of the line.

12. WP.105: W alone reads is crist. Other beta witnesses have crist is.

13. WP.138: The reading is obviously Si, but a crease in the manuscript makes the <i> illegible.

14. WP.140: The apparent punctus at the end of the line is probably the final stroke of <r>.

15. WP.147: W alone reads myd. Other B witnesses have with.

16. WP.167: The scribe wrote his usual form of <þ> but put a dot above it as though it were a <y>.

17. WP.169: Following this line all B manuscripts except WHmCr1G read: And hangen it vp on þe cattes hals · thanne here we mowen (as in L).

18. WP.179: W alone reads Alle. Other B manuscripts have And.

19. WP.187: W alone reads bolde. Other beta witnesses have so bolde.

20. WP.193: W alone reads youre. Other B manuscripts have oure.

21. WP.195: The phrase a feyrse, perhaps meaning "a verse, proverb," is written in the right margin in a later hand as again at W1.38 and W1.86. It presumably draws attention to the proverbial nature of the line.

22. WP.197: A crease runs down the center of the leaf, obscuring some characters in the facsimile which are legible in the manuscript.

23. WP.203: W alone reads Thoruȝ. Other B manuscripts have Ne.

24. WP.227: W alone reads trewely. Other B manuscripts omit it.

25. WP.229: Following this line all B manuscripts except WYF read: Al þis seiȝ I slepyng · and seuene sythes more (as in L).

26. W1.23: W alone omits is after oon.

27. W1.23: Most other B witnesses read chele.

28. W1.27: There is an erasure after Lot.

29. W1.38: A later hand has inserted a feyrse in the right margin. Cf. WP.195 and W1.86.

30. W1.39: After likame WHmCL omit the b-verse and following a-verse: . . . þat lief is to þe soule / Leue not þi likam . . . (in the spelling of M).

31. W1.50: W alone reads singular hym. Other B witnesses have hem.

32. W1.55: W alone reads riȝtfully. Other B witnesses have riȝtfull.

33. W1.86: The words a feyrse are written in the right margin in a more cursive hand. Cf. WP.195 and W1.38.

34. W1.89: nota

35. W1.90: nota

36. W1.98: nota

37. W1.99: WG agree in reading is. Most other B witnesses have is þe.

38. W1.116: W alone reads myd; all other B witnesses have wyth.

39. W1.122: W is alone in reading stablisse. Most other B witnesses have stable.

40. W1.135: nota

41. W1.138: The mark over line-initial <Y> resembling a nota abbreviation is to distinguish the letter from capital <Þ>.

42. W1.148: nota

43. W1.149: nota

44. W1.160: nota

45. W1.165: nota

46. W1.170: W alone reads bisouȝte. Other B witnesses have he bisouȝte.

47. W1.175: nota

48. W1.187: nota

49. W1.190: nota

50. W1.191: nota

51. W1.206: A curl rather like the "nota" abbreviation appears over the <f> of lif.

52. W1.206: Three minims with a bar through them, probably written by the original scribe, appear above next.

53. W1.209: nota

54. W2.9: The paragraph sign was probably entered in error, since it is not motivated by the syntax, and there is not the usual space separating paragraphs.

55. W2.25: nota

56. W2.28: nota

57. W2.35: nota

58. W2.43: nota

59. W2.52: nota

60. W2.78: nota

61. W2.94: nota

62. W2.107: W alone reads dayes tyme. All other B manuscripts have yeres ende.

63. W2.118: W alone reads vn-to. All other B manuscripts have to.

64. W2.125: nota

65. W2.132: nota

66. W2.188: Following this line, all B manuscripts except WCr1GHm have the line: Of many maner man · þat on þis molde libbeth (in the spelling of L).

67. W2.189: nota

68. W2.224: W alone reads yeuen, while all other B manuscripts have gaf or ȝaf.

69. W3.57: W alone reads sclaundre. All other B manuscripts read þe/that sclaundre.

70. W3.76: W alone reads by. All other B manuscripts read byddeþ or bit.

71. W3.83: W alone reads enpoisone. All other B manuscripts read poisone, except OC2 which have punyschen.

72. W3.104: W alone reads And. All other B manuscripts read That.

73. W3.106: W alone reads he meneþ. OCrYC2CBLMR read melleþ, while other B manuscripts read he meled F, he menyd H, and meneth Hm, and mouthed G.

74. W3.118: W alone reads wolde. All other B manuscripts read sholde.

75. W3.125: nota

76. W3.129: W alone reads enpoisoned. All other B manuscripts read (a)poisoned or (y)poysoned.

77. W3.132: nota

78. W3.133: nota

79. W3.140: nota

80. W3.144: nota

81. W3.165: nota

82. W3.178: nota

83. W3.210: nota

84. W3.222: nota

85. W3.223: nota

86. W3.224: nota

87. W3.226: nota

88. W3.243: There is an elaborate version of top-line decoration on <A>.

89. W3.261: nota

90. W3.287: nota

91. W3.302: nota

92. W3.325: nota

93. W3.337: nota

94. W3.341: The scribe has begun by writing an <e> and changed it to a <y>. All other spellings are with ȝyu-.

95. W3.346: nota

96. W4.4: W alone reads er for euere. Other B manuscripts have for euere or raþer.

97. W4.34: nota

98. W4.35: nota

99. W4.39: nota

100. W4.67: A mark of punctuation looking like the top part of a punctus elevatus appears here.

101. W4.72: nota

102. W4.92: nota

103. W4.105: nota

104. W4.107: The nota appears to the left of the line.

105. W4.115: nota

106. W4.128-129: The bottom part of the leaf is discolored and there is some bleedthrough, especially over these last two lines.

107. W4.145: The nota appears to the left of the line.

108. W4.146: The nota appears to the left of the line.

109. W4.148: A scribe has drawn a pointing hand in the right margin.

110. W4.158-159: The bottom two lines are affected by bleedthrough.

111. W4.165: The nota appears to the left of the line.

112. W4.166: The nota appears to the left of the line.

113. W4.178: nota

114. W4.196: W alone reads ellis. Other B witnesses read it faile.

115. W5.31: worþ a grote is in a darker ink though in the scribal hand, and perhaps written later.

116. W5.43: W alone reads prechede. Other B manuscripts have prayed.

117. W5.48: A nota to the right of this line appears to be in the text ink.

118. W5.51: W alone reads trewe tresor. Other B manuscripts have tresore if treson ne were.

119. W5.54: nota

120. W5.55: nota

121. W5.65: The scribe has written superbia in the left margin inside a red box.

122. W5.70: W alone reads I wole, which is omitted by other B manuscripts.

123. W5.72: W alone reads I wole. Other B manuscripts have woll y.

124. W5.74: The scribe wrote Luxuria inside a red box in the left margin. The page is cropped, so the first letters are lost.

125. W5.78: The scribe wrote Inuidia inside a red box in the left margin. The page is cropped, so the first letters are lost.

126. W5.91: W alone omits the following line which appears in all the other B witnesses except F (which has an entirely different line):
Þis was al his curteisye · where þat euere he shewed hym (spelling of L).

127. W5.99: nota

128. W5.109: W alone reads beren. Other B manuscripts have bar.

129. W5.111: W alone reads biholde. Other B manuscripts have biholde how.

130. W5.113: The scribe wrote per dicere above the line.

131. W5.115: nota

132. W5.135: The scribe wrote Ira inside a red box in the left margin. The page is cropped, so the first two letters are lost.

133. W5.135: nota

134. W5.165: W alone reads hite; most other B manuscripts have hitte.

135. W5.169: The right margin is cropped after <co> plus one minim, losing the rest of the word. Other B witnesses read conseil.

136. W5.170: W alone reads it, which is omitted by other B witnesses.

137. W5.179: W alone reads þanne. LGMR have whan. Other B manuscripts have and.

138. W5.180: W alone reads And. Other B manuscripts have I.

139. W5.185: nota

140. W5.186: nota

141. W5.189: The scribe wrote Auaricia inside a red box in the left margin. The page is cropped, so the first letters are lost.

142. W5.199: nota

143. W5.200: nota

144. W5.204: nota

145. W5.205: nota

146. W5.213: W alone reads playte (infin.), while HmCr2 have plyte which is perhaps merely a spelling variant. However, the majority of B manuscripts unambiguously have the past tense playted or plytid.

147. W5.214: W reads pyne, while Cr23 have pynnen. Other B manuscripts have the past tense pynned.

148. W5.237: W alone reads þe, which is omitted by other B witnesses.

149. W5.255: W alone reads to, which is omitted by the other B manuscripts.

150. W5.255: nota

151. W5.259: nota

152. W5.260: nota

153. W5.268: nota

154. W5.271: W alone reads so god my soule saue. GHmCr have helpe for saue. Other B manuscripts have of þyne bi my soule hele.

155. W5.274: W alone reads dum; all other B manuscripts have cum.

156. W5.286: nota

157. W5.288: The manuscript is cropped after hym. Other B manuscripts have hym-self.

158. W5.292: nota

159. W5.293: nota

160. W5.294: The right margin is cropped with the lobes of the <a> just visible after an <m>. Other B manuscripts have maris.

161. W5.294: The first two words of W5.290, haue mercy, are repeated at the foot of the page in another hand.

162. W5.298: nota

163. W5.307: The scribe has written Gula in a red box in the left margin. Its graphies are ornamented with touches of red ink.

164. W5.310: W alone reads at. Other B manuscripts have of.

165. W5.335: W alone reads That, omitted by other B manuscripts.

166. W5.355: nota

167. W5.366: The red ink partially obscuring wenche is transferred from Accidia on the opposite page.

168. W5.378: W alone reads me god helpe. Most other B witnesses have god me helpe & (þe) holidome with minor variation.

169. W5.385: W alone reads and for. Other B manuscripts have to.

170. W5.394: The scribe wrote Accidia inside a red box in the left margin.

171. W5.397: The spacing is ambiguous, and this could be read as two words. Cf. W8.82 (fol. 46r) where the word is clearly written as one word, in the sense "tallying" but with a pun on tail-ende.

172. W5.410: nota

173. W5.412: W alone reads at. Other B manuscripts have yn.

174. W5.416: W alone has singular lesynge. Other B manuscripts have lesynges.

175. W5.439: W alone omits his before curteisie.

176. W5.439: nota

177. W5.490: W alone reads bigonne. Other B manuscripts read gonne.

178. W5.494: A second hand has inserted just below the original Latin line the following: o felex Culpa o necessarium peccatum ade &c

179. W5.498: W alone omits et similitudinem after ymaginem.

180. W5.500: W alone reads secte. Other B witnesses read sute.

181. W5.505: W alone reads of. Other B manuscripts have for.

182. W5.516: W alone reads was. Other B witnesses have were.

183. W5.535: W alone reads wiþwynde. HmGLRM read wythewyndes. YOC2C have swithe wyndes.

184. W5.578: WCr1 alone read yow, where other B witnesses have ȝe. There are no examples in W of nominative yow, so perhaps wilneþ is here uniquely treated as an impersonal verb. Cf. 5.571 above.

185. W5.587: nota

186. W5.588: nota

187. W5.603: W alone reads good. Other B witnesses have no.

188. W6.32: W alone reads so. Other B manuscripts have go.

189. W6.44: W alone reads tyme. Other B manuscripts have ende.

190. W6.52: nota

191. W6.54: nota

192. W6.55: nota

193. W6.56: nota

194. W6.72: W alone reads Iagge. Other B manuscripts have Iakke.

195. W6.74: W alone reads hire. Other B manuscripts have his.

196. W6.96: W alone reads it ful. M has him ful, and most other B manuscripts have it hym.

197. W6.119: W alone reads þis. Other B manuscripts have his.

198. W6.154: A much later hand has written nota in the left margin.

199. W6.177: W alone reads wombe. Other B manuscripts have mawe.

200. W6.185: W alone reads or. Other B manuscripts have and.

201. W6.234: W alone reads vos. Other B manuscripts have vobis.

202. W6.245: The gloss .id est. A besaunt is written above Mnam in a smaller script but by the main hand. The red box around Mnam was drawn subsequently and left incomplete at the top. A similar gloss appears in HmLM. C. David Benson and Lynne S. Blanchfield, The Manuscripts of Piers Plowman: the B-version (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1997), 162, mistakenly offer to correct Kane-Donaldson's Mnam to amam.

203. W6.250: nota

204. W6.251: nota

205. W6.267-275: These nine lines are marked in the right margin by marks where notae usually appear, but these marks do not even suggest an <n>.

206. W6.267: nota

207. W6.268: nota

208. W6.269: nota

209. W6.270: nota

210. W6.271: nota

211. W6.272: nota

212. W6.273: nota

213. W6.274: nota

214. W6.275: A scribe has drawn a rough pointing hand in the left margin.

215. W6.275: nota

216. W6.279: nota

217. W6.294: nota

218. W6.314-321: All the lines in this line-group are marked in the right margin with nota in a darker ink of the same attenuated form that appears above in ll. 267-75.

219. W6.314: nota

220. W6.315: nota

221. W6.316: nota

222. W6.317: nota

223. W6.318: nota

224. W6.319: nota

225. W6.320: nota

226. W6.321: nota

227. W6.334: A scribe has drawn a rough pointing hand in the left margin.

228. W6.336: nota

229. W6.338: nota

230. W7.48: nota

231. W7.49: nota

232. W7.50: nota

233. W7.51: nota

234. W7.65: nota

235. W7.66-69: A vertical pen mark appears at the end of this line and the three following lines, which we take to represent nota.

236. W7.66: nota

237. W7.67: nota

238. W7.68: nota

239. W7.69: nota

240. W7.72: nota

241. W7.73: nota

242. W7.78: nota

243. W7.80: The nota appears inside the box to the right of the line.

244. W7.81: nota

245. W7.82: nota

246. W7.83: The end of the box is cropped in the right margin, though no text appears to have been lost.

247. W7.84: nota

248. W7.85: nota

249. W7.86: nota

250. W7.95: nota

251. W7.98: W alone reads ne. Other B manuscripts have nec.

252. W7.105: nota

253. W7.106: nota

254. W7.107: nota

255. W7.108: nota

256. W7.122: nota

257. W7.123: To the right of this line is a smudged scribble.

258. W7.123: nota

259. W7.125: nota

260. W7.126: nota

261. W7.127: nota

262. W7.129: nota

263. W7.137: nota

264. W7.142: nota

265. W7.143: nota

266. W8.21: nota

267. W8.30: nota

268. W8.31: nota

269. W8.32: nota

270. W8.33: nota

271. W8.34: nota

272. W8.35: nota

273. W8.36: nota

274. W8.37: nota

275. W8.38: nota

276. W8.39: nota

277. W8.40: nota

278. W8.41: nota

279. W8.42: nota

280. W8.43: nota

281. W8.44: nota

282. W8.47: W alone reads men; other B manuscripts have man.

283. W8.48: nota

284. W8.49: W alone reads þow wole þi-selue; most other B manuscripts read thiself woll, although CrS have thou wylt thyselfe and M has þou þiseluen wole.

285. W8.49: nota

286. W8.52: nota

287. W8.53: nota

288. W8.54: nota

289. W8.55: nota

290. W8.56: nota

291. W8.64: nota

292. W8.67: nota

293. W8.78: nota

294. W8.79: nota

295. W8.80: nota

296. W8.81: nota

297. W8.82: nota

298. W8.83: nota

299. W8.85: nota

300. W8.93: nota

301. W8.117: nota

302. W8.118: nota

303. W9.15: The curved tick over the <i> of bit resembles an <o>.

304. W9.23: W alone reads kepe; other B manuscripts have saue.

305. W9.38: nota

306. W9.39: nota

307. W9.40: nota

308. W9.41: nota

309. W9.47: W alone reads þoruȝ; other B manuscripts have of.

310. W9.61: nota

311. W9.62: nota

312. W9.68: nota

313. W9.69: nota

314. W9.82: nota

315. W9.83: nota

316. W9.86: nota

317. W9.88: nota

318. W9.89: nota

319. W9.90: nota

320. W9.91: nota

321. W9.92: nota

322. W9.101: nota

323. W9.102: nota

324. W9.103: nota

325. W9.104: nota

326. W9.108: W alone reads spicerie, "spice"; Hm reads spicere, "spice-dealer," while most other B manuscripts have spire, "shoot."

327. W9.123: nota

328. W9.124: nota

329. W9.125: nota

330. W9.131: nota

331. W9.133: W alone reads And; other B manuscripts have For.

332. W9.157: nota

333. W9.158: nota

334. W9.160: nota

335. W9.161: nota

336. W9.162: nota

337. W9.163: The required reading is vuas, "grapes." The error is owed to the hyparchetypal text of WHmCr and is shared by the corrector of M.

338. W9.168: nota

339. W9.171: W alone reads Ther-fore; other B manuscripts have For.

340. W9.171: nota

341. W9.172: W alone reads yow, which is omitted by other B manuscripts.

342. W9.172: nota

343. W9.173: nota

344. W9.174: nota

345. W9.175: nota

346. W9.176: nota

347. W9.178: W alone reads þat; other B manuscripts have þat þey.

348. W9.178: nota

349. W9.180: clappyng, "loud talk." The reading is shared with Cr.

350. W9.185: nota

351. W9.186: nota

352. W9.187: nota

353. W9.188: nota

354. W9.189: nota

355. W9.190: nota

356. W9.191: nota

357. W9.193: nota

358. W9.194: nota

359. W9.195: The nota appears inside the box to the right of the line.

360. W9.196: nota

361. W9.210: nota

362. W9.211: nota

363. W9.212: nota

364. W9.213: nota

365. W9.214: nota

366. W9.217: nota

367. W9.219: nota

368. W10.4: W alone reads loked; other B manuscripts have seide.

369. W10.17: nota

370. W10.18: nota

371. W10.19: nota

372. W10.20: nota

373. W10.21: nota

374. W10.22: nota

375. W10.23: nota

376. W10.24: nota

377. W10.25: nota

378. W10.29: nota

379. W10.30: nota

380. W10.31: nota

381. W10.33: nota

382. W10.34: nota

383. W10.35: nota

384. W10.36: nota

385. W10.37: The first letters of wikkedly appear to be written over an erasure. W alone reads wikkedly; Cr reads falsely; other B manuscripts omit.

386. W10.37: nota

387. W10.38: nota

388. W10.39: nota

389. W10.40: nota

390. W10.41: nota

391. W10.42: nota

392. W10.43: nota

393. W10.44: nota

394. W10.45: nota

395. W10.46: nota

396. W10.51: nota

397. W10.52: nota

398. W10.53: nota

399. W10.54: nota

400. W10.55: nota

401. W10.56: nota

402. W10.57: nota

403. W10.58: nota

404. W10.59: nota

405. W10.60: nota

406. W10.61: nota

407. W10.62: nota

408. W10.63: W alone reads anoy; other B manuscripts have noy.

409. W10.63: nota

410. W10.64: nota

411. W10.65: nota

412. W10.66: nota

413. W10.67: nota

414. W10.68: nota

415. W10.69: nota

416. W10.70: nota

417. W10.71: nota

418. W10.72: There is evidence of a letter cropped at the end, perhaps &c as in Hm.

419. W10.75: nota

420. W10.76: nota

421. W10.77: nota

422. W10.78: nota

423. W10.79: nota

424. W10.80: nota

425. W10.81: nota

426. W10.82: nota

427. W10.83: nota

428. W10.84: nota

429. W10.85: nota

430. W10.86: nota

431. W10.87: nota

432. W10.88: nota

433. W10.89: nota

434. W10.94: nota

435. W10.95: nota

436. W10.96: nota

437. W10.97: nota

438. W10.98: nota

439. W10.103: nota

440. W10.104: nota

441. W10.105: nota

442. W10.106: nota

443. W10.107: nota

444. W10.122: The reading could as well be mene.

445. W10.124: W alone reads hir; other B manuscripts have youre.

446. W10.137: W alone reads þe; other B manuscripts have þow.

447. W10.140: W alone reads þat; other B manuscripts have now.

448. W10.160: W alone reads to; other B manuscripts have to þe.

449. W10.182: W alone reads alle; other B manuscripts have alle þe.

450. W10.183: W alone reads putte; other B manuscripts have putte hym.

451. W10.191: nota

452. W10.192: nota

453. W10.195: W alone reads leteþ; most other B manuscripts have let.

454. W10.196: nota

455. W10.197: nota

456. W10.202: nota

457. W10.203: nota

458. W10.207: nota

459. W10.208: nota

460. W10.209: nota

461. W10.212: nota

462. W10.214: nota

463. W10.215: nota

464. W10.217: nota

465. W10.218: nota

466. W10.220: nota

467. W10.221: nota

468. W10.247: W alone reads and; other B manuscripts have and þe.

469. W10.257: After this line WHmCr omit the line Ego in patre & pater in me est & qui videt me · videt et patrem meum (as in L).

470. W10.266: nota

471. W10.269: nota

472. W10.270: nota

473. W10.272: nota

474. W10.273: nota

475. W10.274: A fifteenth-century hand has added nota.

476. W10.279: nota

477. W10.280: As at line 10.274, a fifteenth-century hand has added nota and has drawn a line linking 10.279 and 10.280.

478. W10.280: nota

479. W10.282: nota

480. W10.287: W alone reads ywar; other B manuscripts have war.

481. W10.288: W alone reads seye; most other B manuscripts have seyde.

482. W10.294: nota

483. W10.306: W alone reads ne; F reads to; other B manuscripts have and.

484. W10.311: nota

485. W10.312: nota

486. W10.313: W alone reads aboute; other B manuscripts have by stretes.

487. W10.313: nota

488. W10.314: nota

489. W10.315: nota

490. W10.316: nota

491. W10.317: nota

492. W10.318: nota

493. W10.320: nota

494. W10.321: W alone reads ben persons; other B manuscripts have persouns ben.

495. W10.321: nota

496. W10.322: nota

497. W10.323: nota

498. W10.324: This is the line which Skeat called "this famous prediction, so curiously fulfilled in the time of Henry the Eighth" (Rev. Walter W. Skeat, ed., The Vision of William Concerning Piers the Plowman, in Three Parallel Texts (London: Oxford University Press, 1886), p. 69. The second nota may be in the hand of a sixteenth-century reader excited by the accuracy of Langland's "prediction."

499. W10.324: nota

500. W10.325: nota

501. W10.326: nota

502. W10.327: W alone reads to; other B manuscripts have hem to.

503. W10.327: nota

504. W10.328: nota

505. W10.329: nota

506. W10.331: nota

507. W10.332: nota

508. W10.333: nota

509. W10.334: There is a scribble (possibly a <d>) to the right of this line.

510. W10.334: nota

511. W10.335: nota

512. W10.345: nota

513. W10.346: nota

514. W10.370: W alone reads be; other B manuscripts have to be.

515. W10.371: W alone reads at; other B manuscripts have er, ar, or.

516. W10.375: nota

517. W10.379: The scribe has written the more obvious necaberis and then altered this to mecaberis by adding a minim in the red ink used for the box. Other B manuscripts reading necaberis or necabis are CrYLOC2 and G (altered). See John Alford's discussion of the textual variations in Piers Plowman: A Guide to the Quotations (Binghamton: MRTS, 1992): 68-69.

518. W10.380: nota

519. W10.403: nota

520. W10.404: nota

521. W10.417: The reading could as well be leue.

522. W10.418: We have not offered an interpretation of the mark at the end of this line. It could represent a flourish, the top of a punctus elevatus, or a move toward writing the "nota" abbreviation.

523. W10.441: The reading could as well be Siue.

524. W10.446: W alone reads þe luþere; other B manuscripts omit þe.

525. W10.447: W alone reads were; other B manuscripts have is.

526. W10.450: The virgules that separate oportet and pati from the rest of the line show that the scribe recognised these two words as Latin. Skeat comments on the mixture of Latin and French, and modernises as "quand oportet vient en place, il n'y a que pati" (Rev. Walter W. Skeat, ed., The Vision of William Concerning Piers the Plowman, in Three Parallel Texts (London: Oxford University Press, 1886), 2.162-3). For further parallels see John A. Alford, Piers Plowman: A Guide to the Quotations (Binghamton, 1992), pp. 69-70. In a private communication, Professor Robert Cook writes: "A case could be made for the entire thing being Anglo-Norman except oportet. That might even make sense, in that the one Latin word designates an outside force. The weakening of final /r/ in the infinitive patir is Eastern in origin (M. K. Pope, From Latin to Modern French with Especial Consideration of Anglo-Norman: Phonology and Morphology (Manchester University Press, 1934), § 401, note **) but spread pretty widely (she finds it in Paris in the 13th c but I have noticed it in Picard texts of the 14th also). Pope ascribes this weakening to Anglo-Norman in § 1193 but does not discuss it or give examples of -ir class infinitives or other cases where the /r/ is absolute final. The retention of final unsupported /t, θ, d, Ð/ in AN forms of avoir is probably best presented in her § 1210, where she discusses ad specifically."

527. W10.468: A later hand (probably different from that beside 10.274 and 10.280) has written nota in the left margin.

528. W10.468: W alone reads men; most other B manuscripts have Englissh men.

529. W10.469: nota

530. W10.470: nota

531. W10.471: nota

532. W10.472: nota

533. W10.473: W alone reads oþere; other B manuscripts have suche.

534. W10.473: nota

535. W10.474: nota

536. W10.481: nota

537. W10.482: nota

538. W10.483: nota

539. W10.484: nota

540. W10.485: nota

541. W10.486: nota

542. W10.488: The line is written as two lines in the right margin and boxed in red.

543. W11.10: W alone reads Sone; most other B manuscripts have Siþen.

544. W11.18: nota

545. W11.19: nota

546. W11.26: nota

547. W11.36: nota

548. W11.41: W alone omits þee after bigile.

549. W11.41: W alone reads þi-selue; other B manuscripts omit it.

550. W11.45: nota

551. W11.52: nota

552. W11.53: nota

553. W11.54: nota

554. W11.55: nota

555. W11.56: nota

556. W11.57: nota

557. W11.58: nota

558. W11.62: W alone reads speche; other B manuscripts have biheste.

559. W11.62: nota

560. W11.63: nota

561. W11.72: nota

562. W11.73: nota

563. W11.74: nota

564. W11.75: nota

565. W11.76: nota

566. W11.84: This boxed line appears as an insertion placed immediately to the right of the previous line with two red diagonal pen strokes to indicate its proper place in the sequence. The hand of the text is that of the original scribe.

567. W11.98: nota

568. W11.99: nota

569. W11.100: nota

570. W11.101: nota

571. W11.102: nota

572. W11.105: W alone omits þe before defaute.

573. W11.107: nota

574. W11.108: W alone reads preise; most other B manuscripts have laude.

575. W11.108: nota

576. W11.155: nota

577. W11.156: nota

578. W11.163: nota

579. W11.171: nota

580. W11.172: nota

581. W11.173: nota

582. W11.174: W alone reads Crist; F reads he; other B manuscripts have And.

583. W11.174: nota

584. W11.175: nota

585. W11.176: nota

586. W11.177: nota

587. W11.178: nota

588. W11.179: nota

589. W11.180: nota

590. W11.181: nota

591. W11.182: nota

592. W11.186: nota

593. W11.189: nota

594. W11.190: nota

595. W11.191: nota

596. W11.192: nota

597. W11.193: nota

598. W11.194: nota

599. W11.195: nota

600. W11.196: nota

601. W11.200: W alone reads callen; most other B manuscripts have called, though B has calliþ.

602. W11.204: nota

603. W11.205: nota

604. W11.206: nota

605. W11.208: nota

606. W11.209: nota

607. W11.225: nota

608. W11.226: nota

609. W11.236: nota

610. W11.237: nota

611. W11.238: nota

612. W11.239: nota

613. W11.240: nota

614. W11.241: nota

615. W11.251: nota

616. W11.254: The past tense Preiseden is shared with M; other B manuscripts have Preisen.

617. W11.254: W alone reads folwed; most other B manuscripts have folwe.

618. W11.256: W alone reads For; other B manuscripts have And or Al.

619. W11.256: nota

620. W11.257: nota

621. W11.258: nota

622. W11.259: nota

623. W11.260: nota

624. W11.261: nota

625. W11.262: nota

626. W11.263: nota

627. W11.265: nota

628. W11.266: nota

629. W11.271: nota

630. W11.272: nota

631. W11.273: W alone omits &c after vende.

632. W11.278: nota

633. W11.284: nota

634. W11.285: nota

635. W11.290: nota

636. W11.291: nota

637. W11.292: W and R read ye; other B manuscripts have þey, which is the reading in W's catchwords at the foot of fol. 64v.

638. W11.296: nota

639. W11.298: nota

640. W11.299: nota

641. W11.300: nota

642. W11.301: nota

643. W11.302: nota

644. W11.303: nota

645. W11.304: nota

646. W11.305: W alone reads for; most other manuscripts have and.

647. W11.305: nota

648. W11.306: nota

649. W11.307: nota

650. W11.308: nota

651. W11.311: nota

652. W11.312: nota

653. W11.315: The page is cropped after sapien; other B manuscripts have sapienter.

654. W11.316: nota

655. W11.317: nota

656. W11.318: nota

657. W11.319: nota

658. W11.320: nota

659. W11.321: The <t> of ydiot has a large downward loop. This might be taken as an inflexion, though in this mixture of Latin and English, it is uncertain whether the word should be regarded as Latin, English, or indeed French. The word occurs as ydioti in the Latin line W10.467, and without the loop as ydiot in W16.178. The loop on <t> is usually without function, even within Latin contexts (e. g. uiuit W11.398). Despite their usual practice, but presumably on the basis of the reading of other B manuscripts, Kane and Donaldson expanded to ydiotes, which Skeat interprets as "an adjective with the French plural ending" (Rev. Walter W. Skeat, ed., The Vision of William Concerning Piers the Plowman, in Three Parallel Texts (London: Oxford University Press, 1886), 2.176). Mustanoja notes in his discussion of the feature that the inflected adjective is usually placed after the noun (A Middle English Syntax. Part I: Parts of Speech Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki, 23 (Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960), p. 277). See Introduction.

660. W11.355: W alone reads Ac. Most other B manuscripts have And.

661. W11.364: W alone reads hem made; all other B manuscripts have þei hadde(n).

662. W11.374: nota

663. W11.375: nota

664. W11.376: nota

665. W11.377: nota

666. W11.381: nota

667. W11.382: nota

668. W11.386: W alone reads it; all other B manuscripts omit it.

669. W11.406: nota

670. W11.408: The leaf is cropped after Res. Other B manuscripts have Resoun.

671. W11.412: nota

672. W11.413: nota

673. W11.414: nota

674. W11.420: nota

675. W11.421: nota

676. W11.422: nota

677. W11.423: W alone reads aryse; Cr has to aryse, and most other B manuscripts have to ryse.

678. W11.423: nota

679. W11.424: nota

680. W11.425: nota

681. W11.426: nota

682. W11.427: nota

683. W12.0: The top of the leaf has been cropped with the loss of the tops of letters in this heading.

684. W12.2: W alone reads nor; LMR read ne; F has or; other B manuscripts have and.

685. W12.11: nota

686. W12.17: nota

687. W12.18: nota

688. W12.20: W alone reads yknowe, "known"; most other B manuscripts have ynowe, "enough."

689. W12.47: W alone reads ful deere; other B manuscripts omit ful and follow dere with it, he, or both.

690. W12.54: nota

691. W12.55: nota

692. W12.65: W alone reads hiȝte; other B manuscripts have is.

693. W12.76: To the right of the box, the scribe has written a decorative nota abbreviation followed by &c. Manuscripts CrCBRF lack &c.

694. W12.81: WF read where she; HmLM read were sche (were he in R); other B manuscripts omit. W's where is either a unique spelling of were or the contracted form of whether: "whether she (were)."

695. W12.83: W alone reads I fynde; other B manuscripts have we fynden.

696. W12.92: nota

697. W12.93: nota

698. W12.94: nota

699. W12.107: nota

700. W12.108: nota

701. W12.109: nota

702. W12.110: After this WHmCr omit the line And riȝt as syȝte serueth a man · to se þe heighe strete (as in L).

703. W12.111: nota

704. W12.112: nota

705. W12.113: nota

706. W12.114: nota

707. W12.115: nota

708. W12.130: The scribe has written science in a darker ink, perhaps over an erasure.

709. W12.135: W alone reads And; other manuscripts have As.

710. W12.136: nota

711. W12.138: W alone reads þe; most other manuscripts have þis.

712. W12.145: W alone reads burgeises; other B manuscripts have beggers.

713. W12.147: The word-terminal suspension ordinarily represents <e>. We have expanded to supply the required sense and to match the readings of other manuscripts.

714. W12.158: nota

715. W12.159: nota

716. W12.160: nota

717. W12.161: W alone reads þat, omitted by other manuscripts.

718. W12.161: nota

719. W12.162: W alone reads þat; other witnesses have in Themese.

720. W12.162: nota

721. W12.163: nota

722. W12.164: nota

723. W12.165: nota

724. W12.166: nota

725. W12.169: nota

726. W12.170: nota

727. W12.171: nota

728. W12.172: nota

729. W12.173: nota

730. W12.174: nota

731. W12.175: nota

732. W12.182: W alone reads þe whiche ben, omitted by F; other manuscripts have and.

733. W12.186: W alone reads þat man; omitted in other manuscripts.

734. W12.186: nota

735. W12.187: nota

736. W12.193: W alone reads þat to graunten it is redy; other B manuscripts have and he is euere redy.

737. W12.194: W alone reads To hem þat; most other B manuscripts have That.

738. W12.197: W alone reads amydde þe floor sette me; most other B manuscripts have sette me amydde þe flore.

739. W12.197: nota

740. W12.198: W alone reads And; other B manuscripts have I.

741. W12.198: nota

742. W12.199: nota

743. W12.200: nota

744. W12.201: nota

745. W12.202: nota

746. W12.203: nota

747. W12.204: nota

748. W12.205: nota

749. W12.206: nota

750. W12.230: W alone reads There; other manuscripts have That þere.

751. W12.232: The punctus is small and obviously misplaced.

752. W12.242: nota

753. W12.243: nota

754. W12.244: nota

755. W12.245: nota

756. W12.247: nota

757. W12.248: nota

758. W12.249: nota

759. W12.250: nota

760. W12.251: nota

761. W12.262: nota

762. W12.263: nota

763. W12.264: nota

764. W12.265: nota

765. W12.266: nota

766. W12.267: nota

767. W12.277: W alone reads in; other B manuscripts have on.

768. W12.292: W alone reads wheiþer; other B witnesses have wher or were.

769. W13.10: W alone reads to; CrF read or; G reads or helpe; other manuscripts have or sholde helpe.

770. W13.10: W alone reads wiþ, omitted by other manuscripts.

771. W13.16: W alone reads briddes; other manuscripts have bestes.

772. W13.41: W alone reads nor; most other manuscripts have ne.

773. W13.78: W alone reads redde; other manuscripts have rede.

774. W13.104: W alone reads dowel; other manuscripts have dobest.

775. W13.109: W alone reads it; RF read dobest; other manuscripts have dowel.

776. W13.151: W alone reads oure; other manuscripts have þe.

777. W13.164: The reading nyght is shared with BCHm. Other manuscripts have myght.

778. W13.168: W alone reads no, which is omitted by other manuscripts.

779. W13.171: W alone reads Ne; other manuscripts have Ne neiþer.

780. W13.176: W alone omits þe pope after bitwene.

781. W13.195: W alone reads for-soþe, which is apparently written over an erasure; other manuscripts have þerto.

782. W13.206: W alone reads of-walked; most other manuscripts have forwalked.

783. W13.222: W alone reads þe; other manuscripts have þei.

784. W13.259: The page is cropped after <amb>. Other manuscripts have ambula or ambula &c.

785. W13.261: W alone reads of; other manuscripts have of þe.

786. W13.271: In the right margin a sixteenth century hand adds Stratford.

787. W13.272: W alone reads alite; other manuscripts have a litel.

788. W13.274: A later hand has written 1350 in the left margin.

789. W13.283: W alone reads hym, which is omitted by other manuscripts.

790. W13.287: WHmL read pomp; other manuscripts have pope or poppe.

791. W13.289: W alone reads or; other manuscripts have and.

792. W13.294: An otiose curl appears over the <r>.

793. W13.327: W alone reads or with; G reads or; other manuscripts have of.

794. W13.329: W alone reads man; other manuscripts have men.

795. W13.330: A word beginning dol is cropped in W; half the manuscripts have dolor, the others end the quotation with sub lingua eius &c.

796. W13.331: A word beginning with <a> is cropped in W; most other manuscripts have acutus, but others abbreviate the quotation.

797. W13.349: W alone reads as; other manuscripts have &.

798. W13.356: W alone reads That were; other manuscripts have Was.

799. W13.368: W alone reads and; other manuscripts omit it.

800. W13.373: W alone reads and; other manuscripts omit it.

801. W13.378: W alone reads he wolde; F has wheyþer he wolde; most other manuscripts have wolde he.

802. W13.383: W alone reads and so; OC2B read &; other manuscripts replace with I or omit.

803. W13.404: W alone reads almesse; other manuscripts have almesdede.

804. W13.427: The final letter of iniqua is partially cropped in W. HmY read iniqua &c.

805. W13.428: W alone reads nor; other manuscripts have ne.

806. W13.433: W alone reads lady; other manuscripts have lay.

807. W13.436: WG read whasshen; most other manuscripts have wasshen.

808. W14.35: W alone reads To; other manuscripts omit it.

809. W14.68: The W scribe has miswritten Ergo, the reading supported by all other manuscripts.

810. W14.82: W alone omits so before muche.

811. W14.110: The word has been cropped after <d>. Most B manuscripts read driȝte or driȝten, but CB have sight, C2 has saueoure, and GR have lorde.

812. W14.134: W alone omits a before wonder.

813. W14.135: W alone reads mede; most other manuscripts have mercy monye.

814. W14.151: W alone reads dwellyng; other manuscripts have beryng or beyng.

815. W14.151: W alone reads also; other manuscripts omit it.

816. W14.152: W alone reads so; other manuscripts omit it.

817. W14.171: W alone reads slepe; other manuscripts have soupe.

818. W14.179: W alone reads But lord; other manuscripts have And.

819. W14.198: W alone reads in; all other manuscripts have and.

820. W14.208: W alone reads writen; other manuscripts have we wryten.

821. W14.223: W alone reads many tyme hym þat though Cr reads right ofte him þat and S ofte him that. Other manuscripts have riȝt softe.

822. W14.235: W alone omits it after pacience.

823. W14.237: W alone reads hise biddynges; all other manuscripts have the singular.

824. W14.246: W alone reads ful greet; most other manuscripts have a long.

825. W14.256: W alone reads þei; all other manuscripts have it.

826. W14.264: W alone reads euery; all other manuscripts have al.

827. W14.272: W alone reads is þat maiden; other manuscripts have a maiden is.

828. W14.339: W alone reads he euere; other manuscripts have euere he.

829. W14.341: W alone reads ouþer; other manuscripts have or.

830. W15.22: A smudged What are ye cald is written in a later hand in the space between this line and the next.

831. W15.25: W alone reads kan knowe; other manuscripts have can and knowe.

832. W15.38: W alone has and before now.

833. W15.39: W alone has for, which is omitted by other manuscripts.

834. W15.40: Another hand has inserted in black ink in the left margin inside a box the following note: nota · quod anima
habet ix nomina

835. W15.44: Between this line and the next a fifteenth-century hand (the same as on folios 1r and 147v) has written Jon Ryc.

836. W15.47: W alone has me; other manuscripts have myne.

837. W15.77: The variants are complex, and W's version of the line is unique. M is closest with Bettre were many doctours . bileue suche techinge. Most other manuscripts have bettre to leyve were many doctovrs seyche teychyng (in the spelling of G).

838. W15.100: W alone has spryngeþ; all other manuscripts have spredeth.

839. W15.105: All other manuscripts omit bi, added above the line in W.

840. W15.117: W alone has The which; all other manuscripts have For ypocrisie.

841. W15.124: A later fifteenth-century hand has written nota in the right margin, as on fol. 56r.

842. W15.138: W alone has despended. Most other manuscripts have spended.

843. W15.147: W alone has held he; most other manuscripts have he held.

844. W15.148: W alone has dispende. Other manuscripts have spende or spene.

845. W15.149: W alone reads despende; most other manuscripts have spende.

846. W15.155-156: The scribe has added in the left margin boxed in red the words quid est
caritas
.

847. W15.158: WHmCr1 have he; all other manuscripts read I.

848. W15.163: W alone has &c.

849. W15.177: The word could, of course, be leueþ, the reading chosen by Skeat. Modern editors have chosen leneþ.

850. W15.184: W alone has nor; other manuscripts have ne.

851. W15.214: W alone has ful; all other witnesses have lif.

852. W15.241: W alone reads founde; all other manuscripts have knowe(n).

853. W15.256: W alone has myd; other manuscripts have wiþ.

854. W15.323-329: A rough decorative line runs down the left margin from 15.323-329.

855. W15.325: W alone has rente; all other manuscripts have plural rentes.

856. W15.348: A later hand has written nota in the right margin.

857. W15.374: W alone has selde; other manuscripts have selle.

858. W15.382: WHmCr omit the following line attested by other witnesses: Þat can versifye faire · ne formalich enditen (in the spelling of L).

859. W15.418: Letters have been erased between leeue and on, with <n> added to leeue and followed by a dash, probably in the scribal hand.

860. W15.432: W alone has fare, though Hm has faren with the last four letters written over an erasure in a different ink. Other manuscripts have fynde.

861. W15.444: W alone has plural ensamples. Other manuscripts have the singular.

862. W15.466: W alone reads Right. All other manuscripts have And.

863. W15.471: W alone has the spelling cropiers, "cruppers, straps" (French cropiere). R alone has the probably correct keperes, while other manuscripts have variations on creperes (GC2LYO) and cropers (HmCrCBM).

864. W15.481: W alone reads melk swete. Other manuscripts have swete mylke (in the spelling of L).

865. W15.495: W alone has to which is omitted by the other witnesses.

866. W15.512: W alone omits þe before worþier.

867. W15.526: W alone reads þe, which is omitted in other manuscripts. In many manuscripts the b-verse reads and comune conscience (in the spelling of L).

868. W15.528: W alone has youre; other manuscripts omit it.

869. W15.529: W alone omits yow after lord.

870. W15.562: W alone omits decimas after omnes.

871. W16.16: W alone reads þe; all other B manuscripts have to.

872. W16.26: The page is cropped after ma; other B manuscripts have manum suam.

873. W16.31: The page is cropped after de; other B manuscripts have dei patris.

874. W16.76: W alone reads þo; all other B manuscripts omit it.

875. W16.89: W alone reads rauȝte; other B manuscripts have lauȝte except Cr which has caught.

876. W16.110:surgenrie: MEDsurgeonri n. The etymon is OF cirurgiennerie. All other B manuscripts read surgery (MEDcirurgie n.).

877. W16.117: W alone omits he after Ofte.

878. W16.126: W alone reads habet; all other B manuscripts have habes.

879. W16.128: W alone among B witnesses has ye-self. Other B witnesses read yow-self or youre-selfe.

880. W16.137: W alone reads þrowe it; other B manuscripts have þrowe, while F has it þrowe.

881. W16.174: W alone reads deed; all other B manuscripts have deeþ.

882. W16.183: W alone reads souȝte; all other B manuscripts have þouȝte.

883. W16.186: W alone reads And; all other B manuscripts have I.

884. W16.194: W alone reads þa; all other B manuscripts have þat.

885. W16.252: W alone omits me before grauntede.

886. W16.258: Though <n> and <u> are not always clearly distinguishable, the reading appears to be leueden, and not leneden as reported by KD. The Crowley prints unambiguously read leueden and leued; F has beleveþ.

887. W17.5: W alone omits I before seke.

888. W17.20: W alone reads þousand; all other B manuscripts have thowsandys.

889. W17.25: The leaf is cropped after trewest, and an <e> may have been lost.

890. W17.41: W alone reads That; all other B manuscripts omit it.

891. W17.46: The reading could as well be leue, as in Cr.

892. W17.54: The scribe has written immediately above he the abbreviation for .id est. Christus.

893. W17.69: W alone reads rapelier, comparative of rapely, "the sooner, the more quickly"; all other B manuscripts have raþer.

894. W17.106: W alone omits on before foote.

895. W17.122: W alone reads and coueiteþ it or crieþ; all other B manuscripts reverse the order of and ... or.

896. W17.151: W alone reads pawme; most other B manuscripts have þanne, omitted by F.

897. W17.162: The word-order of the line varies in the B manuscripts, but most have Halt al þe wyde worlde · with-in hem thre (as in L).

898. W17.169: All B manuscripts with the exception of W and Hm have a form of folden.

899. W17.210: The following line, omitted in WHm, appears in all other B witnesses: Fostren forth amonges folke · loue & bileue (as in L).

900.